Enrollment Oversight is the only pillar that acts before randomization. It can prevent an imbalance rather than explain it after unblinding.
PILLAR 1Enrollment Oversight
Is the right patient in the trial?
- Independent adjudication of screening SD-OCT, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography and OCT angiography against protocol inclusion and exclusion criteria.
- Quantitative grading of baseline confounders: geographic atrophy area, RNFL thinning and glaucomatous cupping, epiretinal membrane, vitreomacular traction and prior intraocular surgery.
- Arm-level covariate balance reported during enrollment, using prespecified covariates the statistical analysis plan can use.
- Duplicate and concurrent-enrollment screening across protocols, with verification of washout and prior anti-VEGF exposure.
DeliverableEligible, query or screen-fail determination returned within the screening window and documented for audit.
PILLAR 2Rescue Review
Is this supplemental treatment protocol-aligned?
- Independent review of every rescue request against prespecified disease-activity criteria: ETDRS letter loss, increase in central subfield thickness, new or persistent intraretinal or subretinal fluid, and new macular hemorrhage.
- Over-read of site OCT segmentation to correct measurement error before it drives treatment.
- Operational definitions for ambiguous criteria such as "vision-threatening," and consistent handling of repeat rescue.
DeliverableDetermination within hours, inside the treatment window, alongside the investigator's assessment. Fewer deviations and less contamination of the primary endpoint.
PILLAR 3Safety Review
Is this event related to the drug?
- A standing group of retina specialists for real-time adverse event evaluation.
- Causality assessment for intraocular inflammation, retinal vasculitis and vascular occlusion, endophthalmitis, IOP elevation, and procedure- or device-related events across intravitreal, suprachoroidal, subretinal and sustained-release delivery.
- Pattern detection across sites and arms that separates drug effects from injection technique and manufacturing (CMC) signals.
DeliverableCausality assessment, site guidance, protocol clarification and evidence-based escalation to the DSMC.
PILLAR 4Data Safety Monitoring
Should the trial continue as designed?
- Membership matched to the disease, the molecule class and the route of administration, from gene therapy to tyrosine kinase inhibitors and complement inhibitors.
- Charter-defined interim analyses, stopping rules and dose-escalation decisions.
- Aggregate benefit–risk review across arms and the full safety database, firewalled from the sponsor and from event-level safety review.
DeliverableRecommendation to continue, modify or pause, delivered to the sponsor under the DSMC charter.